Understanding Religion From Sociological Perspective
85Thinking about Religion
If there is one topic I would rather avoid it would be discussing religion. Any religion. But as most people it is precisely one of the subjects where it is impossible to remain indifferent or have no opinion at all. My essay is not so much about my own faith or lack thereof; it is homework for the course of sociology that I was taking at DeVry. I am less interested in religion, I am more interested in social phenomena and I would like to share my views. If anyone finds anything offensive in this neutral writing of mine, please take note that I meant no offense. I am entitled to my views as much as you are entitled to yours.
Quotes on Religion
This is my simple religion. There is no need for temples; no need for complicated philosophy. Our own brain, our own heart is our temple; the philosophy is kindness. ~Dalai Lama
If I were personally to define religion, I would say that it is a bandage that man has invented to protect a soul made bloody by circumstances. ~Theodore Dreiser, 1941
Businesses may come and go, but religion will last forever, for in no other endeavor does the consumer blame himself for product failure. ~Harvard Lamphoon, "Doon" (paraphrase)
Religion is regarded by the common people as true, by the wise as false, and by the rulers as useful. ~Seneca the Younger
Man is a Religious Animal. He is the only Religious Animal. He is the only animal that has the True Religion - several of them. He is the only animal that loves his neighbor as himself and cuts his throat if his theology isn't straight. He has made a graveyard of the globe in trying his honest best to smooth his brother's path to happiness and heaven. ~Mark Twain
Praying is not unlike meditation
Applying the Sociological Perspective to Religion
Religion has not civilized man, man has civilized religion. (Ingersoll)
By definition, the sociological perspective is "an approach to understanding human behaviour by placing it within its broader social contexts", (J.M. Henslin, A. Nelson), "seeing the general in the particulars" (Peter Burger). The sociological perspective is comprised of three major theoretical perspectives: symbolic interactionism, structural functionalism, and conflict theory.
Religious Symbols
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic interactionism offers a view of social life as interaction determined by symbols, where symbols are things, material or immaterial, to what people attach meaning. These symbols are the building blocks of human society and they consist of ideas, notions, and conceptions; whether they are positive or negative, they will encourage or discourage people to behave a certain way. With symbolic interactionism, everything is a symbol: self, parents, other members of society, marriage, religion, state.
In symbolic interactionism, religion by itself is a symbol, but as this theory focuses on micro level, on interaction of individuals in one another's presence, religion must be divided into many sets and subsets of smaller symbols. The God or Gods are usually symbols of unquestioned authority. The God or Gods are viewed as creators of the world, therefore they have the right to rule the world, to dictate how to behave, reward those who behave properly with granting an afterlife in paradise and punish those who break the rules with placing them in hell for eternal burning. Religious people always asked gods for something by paying some fee, they felt was appropriate. Whether it was sacrificing of ritual animals or even human beings or monetary or any material donations or behaving the way the God requires, up to devoting the whole life to the God as a priest or a monk (a nun). Heaven is a symbol of unearthly felicity, therefore sometimes life on earth is considered short, temporary and unimportant in comparison with eternal afterlife. Some nations are more religious, than the others. In my impression, Muslims, for example, will not tolerate joking about religion, whereas Russian Orthodox believers will involve more common sense and humour, resulting in the proverb "put your trust in God, but rely on yourself". Frankly, Russian Orthodox believers nowadays are more hypocritical than ever, they go along with the flow, play the religious game, but deep in their hearts, they remain unmoved by religion. Their faith is only a façade and not very good one at that. But symbols are aplenty. Crosses, going to the church, righteous talk, rituals, meaning of which has been forgotten.
Structural Functionalism
Structural functionalism, another theoretical perspective, focuses on the macro level and sees the human society as a living organism or mechanism, where each part or component is essential and has a particular function and purpose. Society is "healthy", "stable", "normal", only if all the parts function together in harmony. Therefore, there should be both structure (anatomy) and functions. Functions from which society benefits are considered positive, functions that cause negative consequences for society are considered dysfunctions. Positive functions may be intended (manifest functions) or unintended (latent functions).
If we apply structural functionalism to religion, we will see that religion is one of the most important components of social life. Religion is as old as society and can be viewed as an "inborn" social function. Voltaire even said: "If God didn't exist it would be necessary to invent him." Religion originates primarily out of fear of the inexplicable and supernatural, therefore one of the positive (manifest) functions of religion is that it explains the inexplicable and provides the answers for the most perplexing questions, such as meaning of life or the existence of afterlife. So, religion determines the relationship of society with the supernatural matters. Also, it gives comfort and consolation to those who suffer through life. Religion provides the ground for the unity within the nation or nations, which share the same religion, such as Christianity or Mohammedanism. Religion sets the norms of behaviour, prohibitions and vetoes for congregations, which is also a manifest function. One of the latent functions of religion is that it produced great thinkers and philosophers, for they were trying to find the answers for the eternal questions and thus were analyzing the society and social laws. There are also some dysfunctions of religion, such as persecution and war, obscurantism, intolerance, fanaticism and narrow-mindedness. For example, Christianity prohibits killing; however, the history of Christian society is a history of blood, where the Church gives its approval to kill the unfaithful and those who do not conform to the prescribed rules (religious wars, Crusades, Inquisition, massacres, such as Bartholomew's night, bloodcurdling executions and tortures).
Conform or else!
Conflict Theory
Conflict theory, the third theoretical perspective, offers a view of social life as the constant struggle between classes, social groups, and individuals for power and resources on the macro level. Religion impedes such struggle, because it always provides justification for the present social order and prohibits any attempts to change it. However, religion was neither able to prevent social disturbances and revolutions, nor prevent people from escaping into atheism. Different religions can compete for the dominant roles in the country or in the world, often without much success. One religion might embrace a certain territory, but never a whole world (not yet, anyway). The Church might compete with the state for the dominant role in the country, for clergymen are not less ambitious than statesmen.
Unquestioned Authority
Which perspective is superior?
Each of these theoretical perspectives offers a different lens through which we can look at society and analyze social patterns. Since social life is too complex and has too many variables to take into account, it is hardly possible to give exhaustive explanations of human behaviour in the groups, while using only one theoretical perspective. None of these perspectives can be considered superior. If we draw an analogy with multidimensional space, let each theoretical approach represent a coordinate axis, combination of them will form a frame of reference, in which we might come to better understanding of society, as a multi-dimensional object.
For Those Who Don't Believe
- Political Fear and Religion Fear Driving Societal Fear
Welcome reader, It has come to at least my attention, so I am bringing it to your attention- it is time for you to self teach about "political fear" and "religion fear", and how it is driving "societal fear"... - Three Great Religions - One Common Ancestor
There is so much out there about Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Most of it is negative, harsh, and inflammatory, and most of it by people who do not understand the history of these three great religions. ... - Science, Religion and Philosophy - What Do They Tell Us About Life?
In answering this question, I am assuming that you are asking: What are science and religion trying to tell us about Life, the Universe and everything. To answer this, I will have to wander off on a tangent,... - An Atheists Guide to Religion
Unfortunately people who have previously either not been interested in religion or only vaguely spiritual often come to religion due to the efforts of many religions and sects who actively recruit new members.... - Should Religion Be Taught In Public Schools?
Religion needs to be taught in public schools. Perhaps one of the major reasons for many wars and conflicts, is lack of tolerance, and ignorance of cultures, including religion. Of course there will always...
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Invitation to the Sociology of Religion, Phil Zuckerman, Acceptable Book
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The Sociology of Religion: A Substantive and Transdisciplinary Approach
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The Sociology of Religion (Prentice-Hall Foundatio
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Sociology
- Amendment to Weber's Model of Social Class
Conformity is one of the defining characteristics of personality. Do you conform? Willingly? Why? Do you question the rules? Why not?
CommentsLoading...
"Religion is the opiate of the masses." Karl Marx
Religions try to teach people morals, to eliminate as much discontent between people as possible, in order to have smooth-working societies. That is their purpose in the social context I think.
There is a spiritual side to religions I suppose but that has been overshadowed for a long time by pedophile priests, greed and all sorts of other vices within their institutions.
Difficult subject to discuss. Good job though. Cheers!
I love reading your hubs and I love your answers to questions; mini hubs in themselves. I admire you and one other person for this... both of you have something to say, and you say it. Both of you articulately.
Whereas I mumble to myself and am lucky if I can string out one or two coherent sentences.
I am not sure what you meant by: "The most cynical people work in charities". Would you elaborate?
I agree with you Svetlana.
A little anecdotal evidence:
I have a friend who was very high up in the Congolese Diplomatic Corps and still has very many friends there. She has told me many times that in Kinshasa (Yes, THAT Congo) the charity workers turn up every evening, early, at the best hotels and bars in their magnificent 4x4s and apparently live lives that you and I would find amazingly lush.
Sorry, Mr happy, I have heard this sort of thing far too much.
Thanks for the clarification. If I were to play the devil's advocate, I would say that people who work in charitable institutions could be a little cynical because they see how much work still needs to be done.
For example, I am reading a book titled "Dead Aid" and it's about how relief work in Africa has failed miserably in the last thirty years. One may look at the book and see it as a cynical perspective but I see it as an opportunity to do things a different way, to better things. Read my latest blog for more on my opinion regarding charitable work, volunteering, etc. ("No Name, No Face, No History").
I donate to the Red Cross and to Greenpeace. On the side I volunteer with Youth Assisting Youth and I am working on the Attawapiskat Public School issue (about which I wrote a few blogs already). There are times and reasons as well, to be very disappointed once in a while. One may hear me say not so nice things about certain things or people but that does not make me a cynic. The fight goes on ...
On another order of ideas, since you live in Ontario, Canada maybe you can help-out by signing an online petition to get a public school build for kids in northern Ontario, in Attawapiskat. Information on that petition is on my http://hubpages.com/hub/No-School-for-Kids-in-Cana blog.
Many thanks in advance!
To Mr. Twilight: not everyone's a crook.
You are indeed right that there are many fraudulent charity organizations out there: the bad apples should always try to picked-out of the good ones though. Otherwise our money can end-up in the hands of corrupted politicians/officials and it will do more bad than good.
As I wrote above, I try to donate to the Red Cross as much as I can and monthly to Greenpeace. I believe both these NGOs to be honest and hard working for causes in which I believe in.
In respect to education in Canada, there is a lot to be said and even more to be done. I think the more people get involved in the political system, the more we can succeed in creating the society we wish to have and to leave for our children.
Thank you for your good wishes. All the best!
While I agree with your general thesis here, your claimed "neutrality" was rather blown out of the water by this: "Frankly, Russian Orthodox believers nowadays are more hypocritical than ever, they go along with the flow, play the religious game, but deep in their hearts, they remain unmoved by religion. Their faith is only a façade and not very good one at that." That is hardly a sociological statement.
I too have a degree in sociology and sociology of religion was one of the special themes that I studied. Enjoyed this overall.
Thanks for sharing.
Love and peace
Tony
I understand where you're coming from exactly. I once visited East Berlin and met a bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church there and we had a good discussion. I was later told that he was a Stasi. I think the church since Constantine has made many compromises with evil.
Love and peace
Tony
No need to flag your content! It's provocative and thought inspiring and exactly the kind of content that makes Hubpages so good! Thanks for an interesting hub!
Your Perspective of Religion, is from a certain limited angle ...
For, its wrong to assume, what you see, is all there is to Seeing the Reality ...
Religion, my friend ... as addressed by Social Sciences, is not Religion, but "Culture" ... Like the Amerindian, the Amazonian, and India's Cultural Practices ... followed in Tradition ... but called Totem-ism, Shaman-ism and Hindu-ism ... Religions !
You will find all of these interesting.
Thoughtful provoking Hub, Kallini. Written very well too. I won't argue. Just want to enjoy another point of view about this and that. Quite refreshing source for me to ponder. Thank you for writing your mind. ^^
That "pointing priest" in your photo was hollow. Such spirits disintegrate when I "see" them.
I agree, your son (leaving names out) does not need to pay much attention to institutionalized religions. I do think, that he should acknowledge his spirit though (as we all should). Spirituality is important in my opinion because as our base, we have our spirits.
I derailed here ... it happens sometimes.
Haha ... I had just commented on the "Wherever you go there you are" quote earlier today. Someone left it in a comment on my "To be and how to be" blog.
I will ask the same question(s) here: "Is the physical body always where the spirit is? If the spirit moves does the body necessarily have to move? And so if your spirit goes somewhere, are You indeed there?"
Can there even be a split without dissolving the "you" or "I"?
The only concrete truth I really know Kallini, is that I am searching for the truth: that is true.
P.S. I came looking for that new article but I guess you are still working diligently on it. I may only get a chance to come back next week, I am not sure. Either way, have a great week-end!
Another fantastic hub.
I personally consider myself a Christian and do believe in God. However, I find myself having huge issues with my religion, for many of the reasons you mention above with regards to Structural Functionalism. I believe in God, and I have faith in God.
However, I do not trust that everything we are told in Church or read in the current Bible is God's word because I know that much of it was probably man made for the purpose of control/power/and even peace...and I also do not believe that repenting and truly believing in God is the only way to reach Heaven. I believe that God knows who deserves heaven and who is truly a good person, regardless of their beliefs.
When I explain to friends that I do not trust what is written in religious texts 100% I am told "this is where you have to have faith" but I reply that I do have faith. I have faith that I am living my life in such a way that God can see I am a good person. If this isn't the case then perhaps my religion isn't what I thought it was...
This is slightly off topic and I ended up on a rant. I apologise! But to me it all stems back to the idea of using religion as a tool...in a good way or a bad way.
Nice hub!
GOD WILL STRIKE YOUR BODY IN HIS TIME. thou shall not tempt the Lord Thy God and Him only shall you serve....its sad but I am hoping That God will Give you a visitation AND you would have a world wide testimony especially to those in that audience, is my sincere pray! save this and you will see it come to past















Twilight Lawns Level 7 Commenter 15 months ago
Hmm!I agree with the, "Also, it gives comfort and consolation to those who suffer through life", but why? I had a friend yesterday, saying that he is very unhappy and his relationship is getting worse, "But I have the love of God and that makes it all right"
If that is all he has to look forward to, then how sad. There must be something better than the "These pains and heartaches are sent to try us or to make us stronger"... Rubbish!
I agree with your reasoning, Svetlana, it's elegant and beautifully written, but aren't you worried that there are a lot of "Born Agains" who are going to come and insult you and perhaps flag, at least the comedian; the less than funny George Carlin. There was a captive audience there, and I think using it reduces the validity of your argument slightly
One small thing, my friend, the word is "Islam", not "Mohammedanism"; that is a very antiquated and incorrect term.
Ian.